The Coping Styles and Perception of Illness in Patients with Breast Cancer—Relation to Body Image and Type of Surgery
Article ID:
3812
42 Views
Keywords:
Breast cancer; body image; coping styles; illness perception; mastectomy
Abstract
Breast cancer is considered one of the most frequent causes of morbidity and death in women. Individuals’ response to information regarding health threats and illness can influence the adjustment of the treatment to existing conditions including the issues of non-completion of treatment or non-attendance at medical appointments. The study aimed to examine the relationship between illness perception, body image dissatisfaction and (mal)adaptive coping styles in breast cancer patients. A sample of 197 patients with diagnosed breast cancer hospitalized at the Center for Oncology and Radiology, Kragujevac, Serbia, was surveyed. The instruments included sociodemographic questionnaire, a Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ), a Body Image Scale (BIS), and a Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale (Mini-MAС). Results showed that 52% of the variance of maladaptive coping style in women who underwent mastectomy was explained by the negative illness perception, while body image dissatisfaction reflected through this connection (CFI > .95, GFI > .95, RMSEA = .01, SRMR = .08). Similar results were found in patients with breast-conserving surgery but with lower percentage (36%) of variance explained (CFI > .95, GFI > .95, RMSEA < .02, SRMR < .05). If confirmed by further studies, these results would suggest that patients who underwent mastectomy tend to be more dissatisfied with their body image, have tendency to perceive illness as threatening and resort to maladaptive coping styles. However, any form of appearance modification, including breast-conserving surgery, carries the risk of body image dissatisfaction, and consequently the risk of maladaptive coping behaviors. Our results suggest that health professionals and public policies should put an additional focus on the assessment of the patient’s body image dissatisfaction, to improve the health and wellbeing of the affected women.
References
1.Burguin A, Diorio C, Durocher F. Breast cancer treatments: updates and new challenges. J Pers Med. 2021;11(8):808. doi:10.3390/jpm11080808. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
2.Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209–49. doi:10.3322/caac.21660. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
3.Hagger MS, Orbell S. The common sense model of illness self-regulation: a conceptual review and proposed extended model. Health Psychol Rev. 2022;16(3):347–77. doi:10.1080/17437199.2021.1878050. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
4.Novakov I, Popović Petrović S, Ilinčić Zlatar S, Tatić M, Ševo M. What contributes the most to the breast cancer patients’ quality of life during therapy: clinical factors, functional and affective state, or social support?. Vojnosanit Pregl. 2021;78(4):445–55. doi:10.2298/VSP190501024N. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
5.Leventhal H, Nerenz DR, Steele DJ. Illness representations and coping with health threats. In: Baum A, Taylor SE, Singer JE, editors. Handbook of psychology and health. Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge; 2020. p. 219–52. [Google Scholar]
6.Hopman P, Rijken M. Illness perceptions of cancer patients: relationships with illness characteristics and coping. Psycho-Oncol. 2015;24(1):11–8. doi:10.1002/pon.3591. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
7.Oh PJ, Cho JR. Changes in fatigue, psychological distress, and quality of life after chemotherapy in women with breast cancer: a prospective study. Cancer Nurs. 2020;43(1):E54–60. doi:10.1097/NCC.0000000000000689. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
8.McCorry NK, Dempster M, Quinn J, Hogg A, Newell J, Moore M, et al. Illness perception clusters at diagnosis predict psychological distress among women with breast cancer at 6 months post diagnosis. Psycho-Oncol. 2013;22(3):692–8. doi:10.1002/pon.3054. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
9.Schou-Bredal I, Ekeberg Ø, Kåresen R. Variability and stability of coping styles among breast cancer survivors: a prospective study. Psychooncol. 2021;30(3):369–77. doi:10.1002/pon.5587. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
10.Khalili N, Farajzadegan Z, Mokarian F, Bahrami F. Coping strategies, quality of life and pain in women with breast cancer. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2013;18(2):105–11. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
11.Rozema H, Völlink T, Lechner L. The role of illness representations in coping and health of patients treated for breast cancer. Psychooncol. 2009;18(8):849–57. doi:10.1002/pon.1488. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
12.Cho YU, Lee BG, Kim SH. Coping style at diagnosis and its association with subsequent health-related quality of life in women with breast cancer: a 3-year follow-up study. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2020;45:101726. doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2020.101726. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
13.Igrutinović N, Hinić D, Mihajlović G, Spasić M, Dodić S. Hopelessness and fighting spirit relation with illness perception in female breast cancer patients. Psicooncol. 2022;19:215–28. doi:10.5209/psic.84036. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
14.Ahadzadeh AS, Sharif SP. Uncertainty and quality of life in women with breast cancer: moderating role of coping styles. Cancer Nurs. 2018;41(6):484–90. doi:10.1097/NCC.0000000000000552. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
15.Ragala MEA, El Hilaly J, Amaadour L, Omari M, Asril AEL, Atassi M, et al. Validation of mini-mental adjustment to cancer scale in a Moroccan sample of breast cancer women. BMC Cancer. 2021;21(1):1042. doi:10.1186/s12885-021-08755-y. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
16.Lovelace DL, McDaniel LR, Golden D. Long-term effects of breast cancer surgery, treatment, and survivor care. J Midwifery Women’s Health. 2019;64(6):713–24. doi:10.1111/jmwh.13012. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
17.Eaton LH, Narkthong N, Hulett JM. Psychosocial issues associated with breast cancer-related lymphedema: a literature review. Curr Breast Cancer Rep. 2020;12(4):216–24. doi:10.1007/s12609-020-00376-x. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
18.Davis C, Tami P, Ramsay D, Melanson L, MacLean L, Nersesian S, et al. Body image in older breast cancer survivors: a systematic review. Psycho-Oncol. 2020;29(5):823–32. doi:10.1002/pon.5359. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
19.Stolić M, Ignjatović-Ristić D, Jović M, Jeremić J, Hinić D, Jovanović M, et al. Body image dissatisfaction, temperament traits, and self-esteem in patients with multiple minimally invasive cosmetic procedures. Srp Arh Celok Lek. 2019;147(1–2):61–6. doi:10.18848/2156-8960/CGP/v08i03/21-29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
20.Joseph E, Beranek M. The psychosocial impact of mastectomies on body image in women with breast cancer. Int J Health Wellness Soc. 2018;8(3):21–9. [Google Scholar]
21.Martins Faria B, Martins Rodrigues I, Verri Marquez L, da Silva Pires U, Vilges de Oliveira S. The impact of mastectomy on body image and sexuality in women with breast cancer: a systematic review. Psicooncología. 2021;18:91–115. doi:10.5209/psic.74534. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
22.Moreira H, Silva S, Marques A, Canavarro MC. The Portuguese version of the body image scale (BIS)—psychometric properties in a sample of breast cancer patients. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2010;14(2):111–18. doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2009.09.007. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
23.Gass J, Mitchell S, Hanna M. How do breast cancer surgery scars impact survivorship? Findings from a nationwide survey in the United States. BMC Cancer. 2019;19(1):342. doi:10.1186/s12885-019-5553-0. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
24.World Health Organization. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1992. [Google Scholar]
25.de Kruif AJ, Westerman MJ, Winkels RM, Koster MS, van Der Staaij IM, van den Berg MM, et al. Exploring changes in dietary intake, physical activity and body weight during chemotherapy in women with breast cancer: a mixed-methods study. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2021;34(3):550–61. doi:10.1111/jhn.12843. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
26.Broadbent E, Petrie KJ, Main J, Weinman J. The brief illness perception questionnaire. J Psychosom Res. 2006;60(6):631–7. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.10.020. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
27.Watson M, Law M, Santos M, Greer S, Baruch J, Bliss J. The mini-MAC: further development of the mental adjustment to cancer scale. J Psychosoc Oncol. 1994;12(3):33–46. doi:10.1300/J077V12N03_03. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
28.Hulbert-Williams NJ, Hulbert-Williams L, Morrison V, Neal RD, Wilkinson C. The mini-mental adjustment to cancer scale: re-analysis of its psychometric properties in a sample of 160 mixed cancer patients. Psycho-Oncol. 2012;21(7):792–7. doi:10.1002/pon.1994. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
29.Hopwood P, Fletcher I, Lee A, Al Ghazal S. A body image scale for use with cancer patients. Eur J Cancer. 2001;37(2):189–97. doi:10.1016/s0959-8049(00)00353-1. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
30.Hu LT, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Model. 1999;6(1):1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
31.Favez N, Cairo Notari S. Body image, sexual activity, and side effects of treatments across the first year after surgery in women facing breast cancer: the influence of attachment insecurity. J Psychosoc Oncol. 2021;39(6):749–64. doi:10.1080/07347332.2021.1890306. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
32.Liu Y, Liu W, Ma Y, Yang X, Zhou H, Zhang T, et al. Research on body image cognition, social support and illness perception in breast cancer patients with different surgical methods. Front Psychol. 2022;13:931679. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.931679. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
33.Brunet J, Price J, Harris C. Body image in women diagnosed with breast cancer: a grounded theory study. Body Image. 2022;41:417–31. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
34.Zhang N, Fielding R, Soong I, Chan KK, Tsang J, Lee V, et al. Illness perceptions among cancer survivors. Support Care Cancer. 2016;24(3):1295–304. doi:10.1007/s00520-015-2914-3. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
35.Reiche EM, Nunes SO, Morimoto HK. Stress, depression, the immune system, and cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2004;5(10):617–25. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(04)01597-9. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
36.Nipp RD, El-Jawahri A, Fishbein JN, Eusebio J, Stagl JM, Gallagher ER, et al. The relationship between coping strategies, quality of life, and mood in patients with incurable cancer. Cancer. 2016;122(13):2110–6. doi:10.1002/cncr.30025. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
37.Paterson CL, Lengacher CA, Donovan KA, Kip KE, Tofthagen CS. Body image in younger breast cancer survivors: a systematic review. Cancer Nurs. 2016;39(1):39–58. doi:10.1097/NCC.0000000000000251. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
38.Chang O, Choi EK, Kim IR, Nam SJ, Lee JE, Lee SK, et al. Association between socioeconomic status and altered appearance distress, body image, and quality of life among breast cancer patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15(20):8607–12. doi:10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.20.8607. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
39.Grassi L, Caruso R, Murri MB, Fielding R, Lam W, Sabato S, et al. Association between Type-D personality and affective (anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress) symptoms and maladaptive coping in breast cancer patients: a longitudinal study. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2021;17(1):271–9. doi:10.2174/1745017902117010271. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
40.Calderon C, Gomez D, Carmona-Bayonas A, Hernandez R, Ghanem I, Gil Raga M, et al. Social support, coping strategies and sociodemographic factors in women with breast cancer. Clin Transl Oncol. 2021;23(9):1955–60. doi:10.1007/s12094-021-02592-y. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
41.Lugtenberg RT, Kaptein A, Matsuda A, Inoue K, Murray M, Kobayashi K, et al. Perceptions of Japanese and Dutch women with early breast cancer about monitoring their quality of life. J Psychosoc Oncol. 2022;40(4):527–40. doi:10.1080/07347332.2021.1936741. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
42.Iskandarsyah A, de Klerk C, Suardi DR, Sadarjoen SS, Passchier J. Consulting a traditional healer and negative illness perceptions are associated with non-adherence to treatment in Indonesian women with breast cancer. Psycho–Oncology. 2014;23(10):1118–24. doi:10.1002/pon.3534. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
2.Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209–49. doi:10.3322/caac.21660. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
3.Hagger MS, Orbell S. The common sense model of illness self-regulation: a conceptual review and proposed extended model. Health Psychol Rev. 2022;16(3):347–77. doi:10.1080/17437199.2021.1878050. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
4.Novakov I, Popović Petrović S, Ilinčić Zlatar S, Tatić M, Ševo M. What contributes the most to the breast cancer patients’ quality of life during therapy: clinical factors, functional and affective state, or social support?. Vojnosanit Pregl. 2021;78(4):445–55. doi:10.2298/VSP190501024N. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
5.Leventhal H, Nerenz DR, Steele DJ. Illness representations and coping with health threats. In: Baum A, Taylor SE, Singer JE, editors. Handbook of psychology and health. Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge; 2020. p. 219–52. [Google Scholar]
6.Hopman P, Rijken M. Illness perceptions of cancer patients: relationships with illness characteristics and coping. Psycho-Oncol. 2015;24(1):11–8. doi:10.1002/pon.3591. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
7.Oh PJ, Cho JR. Changes in fatigue, psychological distress, and quality of life after chemotherapy in women with breast cancer: a prospective study. Cancer Nurs. 2020;43(1):E54–60. doi:10.1097/NCC.0000000000000689. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
8.McCorry NK, Dempster M, Quinn J, Hogg A, Newell J, Moore M, et al. Illness perception clusters at diagnosis predict psychological distress among women with breast cancer at 6 months post diagnosis. Psycho-Oncol. 2013;22(3):692–8. doi:10.1002/pon.3054. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
9.Schou-Bredal I, Ekeberg Ø, Kåresen R. Variability and stability of coping styles among breast cancer survivors: a prospective study. Psychooncol. 2021;30(3):369–77. doi:10.1002/pon.5587. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
10.Khalili N, Farajzadegan Z, Mokarian F, Bahrami F. Coping strategies, quality of life and pain in women with breast cancer. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2013;18(2):105–11. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
11.Rozema H, Völlink T, Lechner L. The role of illness representations in coping and health of patients treated for breast cancer. Psychooncol. 2009;18(8):849–57. doi:10.1002/pon.1488. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
12.Cho YU, Lee BG, Kim SH. Coping style at diagnosis and its association with subsequent health-related quality of life in women with breast cancer: a 3-year follow-up study. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2020;45:101726. doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2020.101726. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
13.Igrutinović N, Hinić D, Mihajlović G, Spasić M, Dodić S. Hopelessness and fighting spirit relation with illness perception in female breast cancer patients. Psicooncol. 2022;19:215–28. doi:10.5209/psic.84036. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
14.Ahadzadeh AS, Sharif SP. Uncertainty and quality of life in women with breast cancer: moderating role of coping styles. Cancer Nurs. 2018;41(6):484–90. doi:10.1097/NCC.0000000000000552. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
15.Ragala MEA, El Hilaly J, Amaadour L, Omari M, Asril AEL, Atassi M, et al. Validation of mini-mental adjustment to cancer scale in a Moroccan sample of breast cancer women. BMC Cancer. 2021;21(1):1042. doi:10.1186/s12885-021-08755-y. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
16.Lovelace DL, McDaniel LR, Golden D. Long-term effects of breast cancer surgery, treatment, and survivor care. J Midwifery Women’s Health. 2019;64(6):713–24. doi:10.1111/jmwh.13012. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
17.Eaton LH, Narkthong N, Hulett JM. Psychosocial issues associated with breast cancer-related lymphedema: a literature review. Curr Breast Cancer Rep. 2020;12(4):216–24. doi:10.1007/s12609-020-00376-x. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
18.Davis C, Tami P, Ramsay D, Melanson L, MacLean L, Nersesian S, et al. Body image in older breast cancer survivors: a systematic review. Psycho-Oncol. 2020;29(5):823–32. doi:10.1002/pon.5359. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
19.Stolić M, Ignjatović-Ristić D, Jović M, Jeremić J, Hinić D, Jovanović M, et al. Body image dissatisfaction, temperament traits, and self-esteem in patients with multiple minimally invasive cosmetic procedures. Srp Arh Celok Lek. 2019;147(1–2):61–6. doi:10.18848/2156-8960/CGP/v08i03/21-29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
20.Joseph E, Beranek M. The psychosocial impact of mastectomies on body image in women with breast cancer. Int J Health Wellness Soc. 2018;8(3):21–9. [Google Scholar]
21.Martins Faria B, Martins Rodrigues I, Verri Marquez L, da Silva Pires U, Vilges de Oliveira S. The impact of mastectomy on body image and sexuality in women with breast cancer: a systematic review. Psicooncología. 2021;18:91–115. doi:10.5209/psic.74534. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
22.Moreira H, Silva S, Marques A, Canavarro MC. The Portuguese version of the body image scale (BIS)—psychometric properties in a sample of breast cancer patients. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2010;14(2):111–18. doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2009.09.007. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
23.Gass J, Mitchell S, Hanna M. How do breast cancer surgery scars impact survivorship? Findings from a nationwide survey in the United States. BMC Cancer. 2019;19(1):342. doi:10.1186/s12885-019-5553-0. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
24.World Health Organization. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1992. [Google Scholar]
25.de Kruif AJ, Westerman MJ, Winkels RM, Koster MS, van Der Staaij IM, van den Berg MM, et al. Exploring changes in dietary intake, physical activity and body weight during chemotherapy in women with breast cancer: a mixed-methods study. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2021;34(3):550–61. doi:10.1111/jhn.12843. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
26.Broadbent E, Petrie KJ, Main J, Weinman J. The brief illness perception questionnaire. J Psychosom Res. 2006;60(6):631–7. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.10.020. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
27.Watson M, Law M, Santos M, Greer S, Baruch J, Bliss J. The mini-MAC: further development of the mental adjustment to cancer scale. J Psychosoc Oncol. 1994;12(3):33–46. doi:10.1300/J077V12N03_03. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
28.Hulbert-Williams NJ, Hulbert-Williams L, Morrison V, Neal RD, Wilkinson C. The mini-mental adjustment to cancer scale: re-analysis of its psychometric properties in a sample of 160 mixed cancer patients. Psycho-Oncol. 2012;21(7):792–7. doi:10.1002/pon.1994. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
29.Hopwood P, Fletcher I, Lee A, Al Ghazal S. A body image scale for use with cancer patients. Eur J Cancer. 2001;37(2):189–97. doi:10.1016/s0959-8049(00)00353-1. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
30.Hu LT, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Model. 1999;6(1):1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
31.Favez N, Cairo Notari S. Body image, sexual activity, and side effects of treatments across the first year after surgery in women facing breast cancer: the influence of attachment insecurity. J Psychosoc Oncol. 2021;39(6):749–64. doi:10.1080/07347332.2021.1890306. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
32.Liu Y, Liu W, Ma Y, Yang X, Zhou H, Zhang T, et al. Research on body image cognition, social support and illness perception in breast cancer patients with different surgical methods. Front Psychol. 2022;13:931679. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.931679. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
33.Brunet J, Price J, Harris C. Body image in women diagnosed with breast cancer: a grounded theory study. Body Image. 2022;41:417–31. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
34.Zhang N, Fielding R, Soong I, Chan KK, Tsang J, Lee V, et al. Illness perceptions among cancer survivors. Support Care Cancer. 2016;24(3):1295–304. doi:10.1007/s00520-015-2914-3. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
35.Reiche EM, Nunes SO, Morimoto HK. Stress, depression, the immune system, and cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2004;5(10):617–25. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(04)01597-9. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
36.Nipp RD, El-Jawahri A, Fishbein JN, Eusebio J, Stagl JM, Gallagher ER, et al. The relationship between coping strategies, quality of life, and mood in patients with incurable cancer. Cancer. 2016;122(13):2110–6. doi:10.1002/cncr.30025. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
37.Paterson CL, Lengacher CA, Donovan KA, Kip KE, Tofthagen CS. Body image in younger breast cancer survivors: a systematic review. Cancer Nurs. 2016;39(1):39–58. doi:10.1097/NCC.0000000000000251. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
38.Chang O, Choi EK, Kim IR, Nam SJ, Lee JE, Lee SK, et al. Association between socioeconomic status and altered appearance distress, body image, and quality of life among breast cancer patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15(20):8607–12. doi:10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.20.8607. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
39.Grassi L, Caruso R, Murri MB, Fielding R, Lam W, Sabato S, et al. Association between Type-D personality and affective (anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress) symptoms and maladaptive coping in breast cancer patients: a longitudinal study. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2021;17(1):271–9. doi:10.2174/1745017902117010271. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
40.Calderon C, Gomez D, Carmona-Bayonas A, Hernandez R, Ghanem I, Gil Raga M, et al. Social support, coping strategies and sociodemographic factors in women with breast cancer. Clin Transl Oncol. 2021;23(9):1955–60. doi:10.1007/s12094-021-02592-y. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
41.Lugtenberg RT, Kaptein A, Matsuda A, Inoue K, Murray M, Kobayashi K, et al. Perceptions of Japanese and Dutch women with early breast cancer about monitoring their quality of life. J Psychosoc Oncol. 2022;40(4):527–40. doi:10.1080/07347332.2021.1936741. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
42.Iskandarsyah A, de Klerk C, Suardi DR, Sadarjoen SS, Passchier J. Consulting a traditional healer and negative illness perceptions are associated with non-adherence to treatment in Indonesian women with breast cancer. Psycho–Oncology. 2014;23(10):1118–24. doi:10.1002/pon.3534. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [CrossRef]
Published
2024-09-12
How to Cite
Stojadinović, N., Mihajlović, G., Spasić, M., Mladenović, M., & Hinić, D. (2024). The Coping Styles and Perception of Illness in Patients with Breast Cancer—Relation to Body Image and Type of Surgery. Psycho-Oncologie, 18(3), 159-168. Retrieved from https://ojs.piscomed.com/index.php/PO/article/view/3812
Issue
Section
Article
Copyright (c) 2024 The author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
