Exercise as a therapeutic intervention: A comprehensive review of the psychological benefits in cancer survivors
Abstract
Cancer is a crucial global health concern, as it is interrelated with many life-threatening diseases. The number of cancer victims who have lived through this ordeal has considerably grown through early cancer detection and treatment. The objective of this paper is to conduct a full amplitude assessment on the problem of how to use exercise as a non-pharmacological therapeutic intervention for cancer patients. This study is to summarize and scrutinize the recent research results so as to provide a definitive theory and apply it to practice, including the modified practical guidelines. Within this framework, this review puts forward the idea that sports, can provide a novel therapeutic pathway for psychological rehabilitation in people by promoting emotional well-being, through the new lens of improving quality of life and self-efficacy, and alongside the other multifaceted psychological benefits of the process. Not only does this article provide a new light to the psychological benefits of exercise interventions, including reaching out to the issues of intervention protocols’ optimization, long-term effects’ assessment, and exercise’s integration with other therapeutic modalities, but it also emphasizes that by refining existing studies, these aspects can be worked on.
Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
1. Sears CS, Robinson JW, Walker LM. A comprehensive review of sexual health concerns after cancer treatment and the biopsychosocial treatment options available to female patients. European Journal of Cancer Care. 2017; 27(2): e12738. doi: 10.1111/ecc.12738
2. Acquati C, Kayser K. Predictors of psychological distress among cancer patients receiving care at a safety-net institution: the role of younger age and psychosocial problems. Supportive Care in Cancer. 2017; 25(7): 2305-2312. doi: 10.1007/s00520-017-3641-8
3. Kangas M, Heissel A. Mental health literacy, treatment preferences and the lived experience of mental health problems in an Australian cancer sample. Psycho-Oncology. 2020; 29(11): 1883-1894. doi: 10.1002/pon.5520
4. Avancini A, Trestini I, Tregnago D, et al. Willingness, preferences, barriers, and facilitators of a multimodal supportive care intervention including exercise, nutritional and psychological approach in patients with cancer: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 2022; 149(7): 3435-3445. doi: 10.1007/s00432-022-04232-6
5. Dibble KE, Rosenberg SM, Zheng Y, et al. Psychosocial and supportive care concerns of young women living with advanced breast cancer: baseline findings from a prospective virtual support intervention study. Supportive Care in Cancer. 2024; 32(6). doi: 10.1007/s00520-024-08557-5
6. Chen X, Li J, Chen C, et al. Effects of exercise interventions on cancer-related fatigue and quality of life among cancer patients: a meta-analysis. BMC Nursing. 2023; 22(1). doi: 10.1186/s12912-023-01363-0
7. Ganji MF, Kalantari M, Abedi A. Transformative approaches to chronic mood disorders: a comparative evaluation of cognitive-behavioral therapy and allegorical schema modes. Current Psychology. 2024; 43(39): 30989-30998. doi: 10.1007/s12144-024-06614-0
8. Campanella F, Palese A, Del Missier F, et al. Long-Term Cognitive Functioning and Psychological Well-Being in Surgically Treated Patients with Low-Grade Glioma. World Neurosurgery. 2017; 103: 799-808.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.04.006
9. Wiskemann J, Schommer K, Jaeger D, et al. Exercise and cancer. Medicine. 2016; 95(29): e4309. doi: 10.1097/md.0000000000004309
10. van Dijk-Lokkart EM, Braam KI, Huisman J, et al. Factors influencing childhood cancer patients to participate in a combined physical and psychosocial intervention program: Quality of Life in Motion. Psycho-Oncology. 2014; 24(4): 465-471. doi: 10.1002/pon.3677
11. Schoenfeld TJ, Swanson C. A Runner’s High for New Neurons? Potential Role for Endorphins in Exercise Effects on Adult Neurogenesis. Biomolecules. 2021; 11(8): 1077. doi: 10.3390/biom11081077
12. Kimball BC, Asiedu GB, Thompson CA. Building a Healthy Body After Cancer: Young Adult Lymphoma Survivors’ Perspectives on Exercise After Cancer Treatment. Journal of Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology. 2018; 7(2): 217-229. doi: 10.1089/jayao.2017.0093
13. Kim SH, Lee BG, Lee JY, et al. Psychometric Evaluation of a Korean Version of the Cancer Survivors’ Self-efficacy Scale. Cancer Nursing. 2018; 42(6): 509-514. doi: 10.1097/ncc.0000000000000691
14. Chan A, Ports K, Neo P, et al. Barriers and facilitators to exercise among adult cancer survivors in Singapore. Supportive Care in Cancer. 2022; 30(6): 4867-4878. doi: 10.1007/s00520-022-06893-y
15. Weemaes ATR, Sieben JM, Beelen M, et al. Determinants of physical activity maintenance and the acceptability of a remote coaching intervention following supervised exercise oncology rehabilitation: a qualitative study. Journal of Cancer Survivorship. 2023; 19(1): 149-161. doi: 10.1007/s11764-023-01455-5
16. Winker M, Stössel S, Neu MA, et al. Exercise reduces systemic immune inflammation index (SII) in childhood cancer patients. Supportive Care in Cancer. 2021; 30(4): 2905-2908. doi: 10.1007/s00520-021-06719-3
17. Zheng A, Zhang L, Yang J, et al. Physical activity prevents tumor metastasis through modulation of immune function. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2022; 13. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1034129
18. Kiss N, Baguley BJ, Dalla Via J, et al. Exercise and Nutritional Approaches to Combat Cancer-Related Bone and Muscle Loss. Current Osteoporosis Reports. 2020; 18(3): 291-300. doi: 10.1007/s11914-020-00589-0
19. Zhang Y, Song M, Yang Z, et al. Healthy lifestyles, systemic inflammation and breast cancer risk: a mediation analysis. BMC Cancer. 2024; 24(1). doi: 10.1186/s12885-024-11931-5
20. Lavoie Smith EM, Von Ah D. Neurotoxicity in Cancer Survivorship: The Significance of Cancer-Related Cognitive Impairment and Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy. Seminars in Oncology Nursing. 2024; 40(5): 151724. doi: 10.1016/j.soncn.2024.151724
21. Seth NH, Qureshi I. Effectiveness of physiotherapy interventions on improving quality of life, total neuropathy score, strength and reducing pain in cancer survivors suffering from chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy – a systematic review. Acta Oncologica. 2023; 62(9): 1143-1151. doi: 10.1080/0284186x.2023.2238890
22. Salsman JM, Murphy KM, Addington EL, et al. Optimization of a digital health intervention to enhance well-being among adolescent and young adult cancer survivors: Design and methods of the EMPOWER full factorial trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials. 2025; 149: 107783. doi: 10.1016/j.cct.2024.107783
23. Janelsins MC, Davis PG, Wideman L, et al. Effects of Tai Chi Chuan on Insulin and Cytokine Levels in a Randomized Controlled Pilot Study on Breast Cancer Survivors. Clinical Breast Cancer. 2011; 11(3): 161-170. doi: 10.1016/j.clbc.2011.03.013
24. Jiang SH, Hu LP, Wang X, et al. Neurotransmitters: emerging targets in cancer. Oncogene. 2019; 39(3): 503-515. doi: 10.1038/s41388-019-1006-0
25. Kessentini N, Kraoua I, Benrhouma H, et al. Les caractéristiques des mouvements anormaux dans le déficit en neurotransmetteurs. Revue Neurologique. 2016; 172: A111. doi: 10.1016/j.neurol.2016.01.265
26. Romualdo JM, Borges E, Tavares I, et al. The interplay of fear of pain, emotional states, and pain perception in medical and nursing students: A cross-sectional study. PLOS ONE. 2024; 19(11): e0314094. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0314094
27. Hentsch L, Stancu P, Allali G, et al. Decrease in pain perception during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection: a case series. Pain. 2021; 163(6): 1019-1022. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002512
28. Grant CE, Flis AL, Ryan BM. Understanding the role of dopamine in cancer: past, present and future. Carcinogenesis. 2022; 43(6): 517-527. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgac045
29. Balakrishna P, George S, Hatoum H, et al. Serotonin Pathway in Cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(3): 1268. doi: 10.3390/ijms22031268
30. Chen L, Huang S, Wu X, et al. Serotonin signalling in cancer: Emerging mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Clinical and Translational Medicine. 2024; 14(7). doi: 10.1002/ctm2.1750
31. Zhu A, Kuhnly N, Chen L, et al. A Case study of polypharmacy-induced serotonin syndrome in a cancer patient. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners. 2024; 36(12): 728-732. doi: 10.1097/jxx.0000000000001048
32. Rizo J. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Neurotransmitter Release. Annual Review of Biophysics. 2022; 51(1): 377-408. doi: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-111821-104732
33. Maurus I, Hasan A, Röh A, et al. Neurobiological effects of aerobic exercise, with a focus on patients with schizophrenia. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2019; 269(5): 499-515. doi: 10.1007/s00406-019-01025-w
34. Chen S, Xu T. Study on the neurobiological mechanism of exercise intervention on students’ depression — based on theoretical mechanics teaching. CNS Spectrums. 2023; 28(S1): S14-S15. doi: 10.1017/s1092852923000822
35. Lyu D wei. Immunomodulatory effects of exercise in cancer prevention and adjuvant therapy: a narrative review. Frontiers in Physiology. 2024; 14. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1292580
36. Feng Y, Feng X, Wan R, et al. Impact of exercise on cancer: mechanistic perspectives and new insights. Frontiers in Immunology. 2024; 15. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1474770
37. Wang Q, Zhou W. Roles and molecular mechanisms of physical exercise in cancer prevention and treatment. Journal of Sport and Health Science. 2021; 10(2): 201-210. doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.07.008
38. Nieman D, Cook V, Henson D, et al. Moderate Exercise Training and Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxic Activity in Breast Cancer Patients. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1995; 16(05): 334-337. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-973015
39. Uchida A, Colot M, Micksche M. Suppression of natural killer cell activity by adherent effusion cells of cancer patients. Suppression of motility, binding capacity and lethal hit of NK cells. British Journal of Cancer. 1984; 49(1): 17-23. doi: 10.1038/bjc.1984.4
40. Evans W. NK cell recruitment and exercise: Potential immunotherapeutic role of shear stress and endothelial health. Medical Hypotheses. 2017; 109: 170-173. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.10.015
41. Parent-Roberge H, Fontvieille A, Poirier L, et al. Acute natural killer cells response to a continuous moderate intensity and a work-matched high intensity interval exercise session in metastatic cancer patients treated with chemotherapy. Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health. 2024; 40: 100825. doi: 10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100825
42. Oza S, Patil S, Sampathkumar Y, et al. Trends in exercise initiation and participation among employed breast cancer survivors undergoing curative treatment. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 2024; 209(3): 637-645. doi: 10.1007/s10549-024-07526-0
43. Mufti K, Cordova M, Scott EN, et al. Genomic variations associated with risk and protection against vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy in pediatric cancer patients. npj Genomic Medicine. 2024; 9(1). doi: 10.1038/s41525-024-00443-7
44. Wu N, Cao H, Du S, et al. Effect of Exercise Intervention on Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy Symptoms in Cancer Patients: A Meta-analysis. Cancer Nursing. 2024.
45. Taylor J, Bagarti T, Kumar N. Unraveling the role of exercise in cancer suppression: insights from a mathematical model. Physical Biology. 2024; 22(1): 016002. doi: 10.1088/1478-3975/ad899d
46. Guo S, Han W, Wang P, et al. Effects of exercise on chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Cancer Survivorship. 2022; 17(2): 318-331. doi: 10.1007/s11764-022-01182-3
47. McCrary JM, Goldstein D, Sandler CX, et al. Exercise-based rehabilitation for cancer survivors with chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Supportive Care in Cancer. 2019; 27(10): 3849-3857. doi: 10.1007/s00520-019-04680-w
48. Hansen F, Berntsen GKR, Salamonsen A. Patient pathways as social drama: a qualitative study of cancer trajectories from the patient’s perspective. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being. 2019; 14(1). doi: 10.1080/17482631.2019.1639461
49. Young J, Lloyd A, Haraldsdottir E. A qualitative meta-synthesis of studies of patients’ experience of exercise interventions in advanced cancer. Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences. 2024; 4. doi: 10.3389/fresc.2023.1298553
50. Iglesias CA, Moreno A. Sentiment Analysis for Social Media. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9(23): 5037. doi: 10.3390/app9235037
51. Song S, Zhao S, Gao Z, et al. Influence of affective verbal context on emotional facial expression perception of social anxiety. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 2022; 181: 141-149. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.09.002
52. Chen Y jing, Li X xia, Ma H kun, et al. Exercise Training for Improving Patient-Reported Outcomes in Patients With Advanced-Stage Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2020; 59(3): 734-749.e10. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2019.09.010
53. Denieffe S, Castineira C, Denny M. The Impact of Dragon Boating for Fatigue in Cancer Survivors. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners. 2021; 17(8): 1019-1022. doi: 10.1016/j.nurpra.2021.05.005
54. Schwartz AL, Terry CM. Returning to Sport: Female Athletes Living with and beyond Cancer. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(15): 8151. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18158151
55. Fasching PA, Hübner J, Kleeberg UR. Körperliche Bewegung und Sport zur Prävention und Behandlung von Krebskrankheiten. Der Onkologe. 2009; 15(7): 696-701. doi: 10.1007/s00761-009-1627-y
56. Krüger M, Seng C. Effects of Short Practice of Climbing on Barriers Self-Efficacy within a Physical Education and Sport Intervention in Germany. Sports. 2019; 7(4): 81. doi: 10.3390/sports7040081
57. Chase MA. Sources of Self-Efficacy in Physical Education and Sport. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education. 1998; 18(1): 76-89. doi: 10.1123/jtpe.18.1.76
58. Galiano‐Castillo N, Cantarero‐Villanueva I, Fernández‐Lao C, et al. Telehealth system: A randomized controlled trial evaluating the impact of an internet‐based exercise intervention on quality of life, pain, muscle strength, and fatigue in breast cancer survivors. Cancer. 2016; 122(20): 3166-3174. doi: 10.1002/cncr.30172
59. Maxwell‐Smith C, Hince D, Cohen PA, et al. A randomized controlled trial of WATAAP to promote physical activity in colorectal and endometrial cancer survivors. Psycho-Oncology. 2019; 28(7): 1420-1429. doi: 10.1002/pon.5090
60. Wang N, Chen J, Chen W, et al. The effectiveness of case management for cancer patients: an umbrella review. BMC Health Services Research. 2022; 22(1). doi: 10.1186/s12913-022-08610-1
61. Coughlin SS, Caplan LS, Stone R. Use of consumer wearable devices to promote physical activity among breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer survivors: a review of health intervention studies. Journal of Cancer Survivorship. 2020; 14(3): 386-392. doi: 10.1007/s11764-020-00855-1
62. Batalik L, Winnige P, Dosbaba F, et al. Home-Based Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Interventions in Cancer Patients and Survivors: A Systematic Review. Cancers. 2021; 13(8): 1915. doi: 10.3390/cancers13081915
63. Brown JC, Damjanov N, Courneya KS, et al. A randomized dose‐response trial of aerobic exercise and health‐related quality of life in colon cancer survivors. Psycho-Oncology. 2018; 27(4): 1221-1228. doi: 10.1002/pon.4655
64. Zhang Y, Li G, Zhang S, et al. Effects of Exercise on Depression and Anxiety in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Cancer Medicine. 2025; 14(5). doi: 10.1002/cam4.70671
65. Szabo A, Ainsworth SE, Danks PK. Experimental comparison of the psychological benefits of aerobic exercise, humor, and music. Humor. 2005; 18(3). doi: 10.1515/humr.2005.18.3.235
66. Norouzi E, Hosseini F, Vaezmosavi M, et al. Zumba dancing and aerobic exercise can improve working memory, motor function, and depressive symptoms in female patients with Fibromyalgia. European Journal of Sport Science. 2019; 20(7): 981-991. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1683610
67. Cayot TE, Herbert B, Klika RJ. Treatment side affects exercising microvascular oxygenation response in active breast cancer survivors: A pilot study. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging. 2022; 43(2): 96-102. doi: 10.1111/cpf.12796
68. Atkinson CL, Carter HH, Thijssen DHJ, et al. Localised cutaneous microvascular adaptation to exercise training in humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2018; 118(4): 837-845. doi: 10.1007/s00421-018-3813-3
69. Leardini-Tristão M, Borges JP, Freitas F, et al. The impact of early aerobic exercise on brain microvascular alterations induced by cerebral hypoperfusion. Brain Research. 2017; 1657: 43-51. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.11.030
70. Veras ASC, Correia RR, Batista VRG, et al. Aerobic physical exercise modifies the prostate tumoral environment. Life Sciences. 2023; 332: 122097. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122097
71. Evans ES, Little J, McNeill KT, et al. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Responses to an Acute Bout of Moderate Intensity Aerobic Exercise in Breast Cancer Survivors. 2019; 33(S1): 534. doi: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.534.3
72. Herring MP, Meyer JD. Resistance exercise for anxiety and depression: efficacy and plausible mechanisms. Trends in Molecular Medicine. 2024; 30(3): 204-206. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.11.016
73. Kang DW, Dawson JK, Barnes O, et al. Resistance Exercise and Skeletal Muscle–Related Outcomes in Patients with Cancer: A Systematic Review. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2024; 56(9): 1747-1758. doi: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003452
74. Lan XQ, Deng CJ, Wang QQ, et al. The role of TGF-β signaling in muscle atrophy, sarcopenia and cancer cachexia. General and Comparative Endocrinology. 2024; 353: 114513. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2024.114513
75. Nuzzo JL, Pinto MD, Nosaka K. Overview of muscle fatigue differences between maximal eccentric and concentric resistance exercise. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2023; 33(10): 1901-1915. doi: 10.1111/sms.14419
76. Hou S, Qiao W, Li Y, et al. Effectiveness of proactive health interventions in reducing symptoms and enhancing self-efficacy and self-management in prostate cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Cancer Survivorship. 2024. doi: 10.1007/s11764-024-01706-z
77. Kinlein SA, Karatsoreos IN. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis as a substrate for stress resilience: Interactions with the circadian clock. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. 2020; 56: 100819. doi: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100819
78. Mbiydzenyuy NE, Qulu LA. Stress, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, and aggression. Metabolic Brain Disease. 2024; 39(8): 1613-1636. doi: 10.1007/s11011-024-01393-w
79. Marston KJ, Newton MJ, Brown BM, et al. Intense resistance exercise increases peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2017; 20(10): 899-903. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.03.015
80. Goldsmith JA, Quiles JM, Blanco R, et al. Progressive Resistance Exercise Elicits Significant Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2016; 48: 635. doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000486902.68843.8e
81. Chen X, Gianferante D, Hanlin L, et al. HPA-axis and inflammatory reactivity to acute stress is related with basal HPA-axis activity. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2017; 78: 168-176. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.01.035
82. Yap NY, Toh YL, Tan CJ, et al. Relationship between cytokines and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in trajectories of cancer-related cognitive impairment. Cytokine. 2021; 144: 155556. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155556
83. Hsueh EJ, Loh EW, Lin JJA, et al. Effects of yoga on improving quality of life in patients with breast cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Breast Cancer. 2021; 28(2): 264-276. doi: 10.1007/s12282-020-01209-6
84. Yang L, Winters‐Stone K, Rana B, et al. Tai Chi for cancer survivors: A systematic review toward consensus‐based guidelines. Cancer Medicine. 2021; 10(21): 7447-7456. doi: 10.1002/cam4.4273
85. Ester M, Culos-Reed SN, Abdul-Razzak A, et al. Feasibility of a multimodal exercise, nutrition, and palliative care intervention in advanced lung cancer. BMC Cancer. 2021; 21(1). doi: 10.1186/s12885-021-07872-y
86. Naito T, Mitsunaga S, Miura S, et al. Feasibility of early multimodal interventions for elderly patients with advanced pancreatic and non‐small‐cell lung cancer. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle. 2018; 10(1): 73-83. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.12351
87. Heywood R, McCarthy AL, Skinner TL. Safety and feasibility of exercise interventions in patients with advanced cancer: a systematic review. Supportive Care in Cancer. 2017; 25(10): 3031-3050. doi: 10.1007/s00520-017-3827-0
88. Argudo N, Rodó-Pin A, Martínez-Llorens J, et al. Feasibility, tolerability, and effects of exercise-based prehabilitation after neoadjuvant therapy in esophagogastric cancer patients undergoing surgery: an interventional pilot study. Diseases of the Esophagus. 2020; 34(4). doi: 10.1093/dote/doaa086
89. Norouzi E, Rezaie L, Bender AM, et al. Mindfulness plus physical activity reduces emotion dysregulation and insomnia severity among people with major depression. Behavioral Sleep Medicine. 2023; 22(1): 1-13. doi: 10.1080/15402002.2023.2176853
90. Takemura N, Cheung DST, Fong DYT, et al. Comparative effect of Tai Chi and aerobic exercise on cognitive function in advanced lung cancer survivors with perceived cognitive impairment: a three-arm randomized controlled trial with mediation analysis. Journal of Cancer Survivorship. 2024. doi: 10.1007/s11764-024-01607-1
91. Rock CL, Thomson CA, Sullivan KR, et al. American Cancer Society nutrition and physical activity guideline for cancer survivors. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2022; 72(3): 230-262. doi: 10.3322/caac.21719
92. Zaorsky NG, Allenby T, Lin J, et al. Exercise Therapy and Radiation Therapy for Cancer: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics. 2021; 110(4): 973-983. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.11.024
93. Scott JM, Nilsen TS, Gupta D, et al. Exercise Therapy and Cardiovascular Toxicity in Cancer. Circulation. 2018; 137(11): 1176-1191. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.024671
94. da Silva T. Appraisal of Clinical Practice Guideline: Exercise for people with cancer. Journal of Physiotherapy. 2018; 64(2): 127. doi: 10.1016/j.jphys.2017.11.006
95. McDowell SR, Villalobos C, Brown JC, et al. Exercise and The Cancer Patient. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2018; 50(5S): 383. doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000536348.52446.fd
96. Crevenna R, Cenik F, Galle A, et al. Feasibility, acceptance and long-term exercise behaviour in cancer patients: an exercise intervention by using a swinging-ring system. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift. 2015; 127(19-20): 751-755. doi: 10.1007/s00508-015-0849-9
97. Salisbury CE, Hyde MK, Cooper ET, et al. Physical activity behaviour change in people living with and beyond cancer following an exercise intervention: a systematic review. Journal of Cancer Survivorship. 2023; 17(3): 569-594. doi: 10.1007/s11764-023-01377-2
98. Wei CW, Wu YC, Chen PY, et al. Effectiveness of Yoga Interventions in Breast Cancer-Related lymphedema: A systematic review. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. 2019; 36: 49-55. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2019.05.004
99. Duong H, Walker M, Maugham-Macan M. Exercise Intervention for Bone Metastasis: Safety, Efficacy and Method of Delivery. Cancers. 2023; 15(6): 1786. doi: 10.3390/cancers15061786
100. Morrison KS, Paterson C, Toohey K. The Feasibility of Exercise Interventions Delivered via Telehealth for People Affected by Cancer: A Rapid Review of the Literature. Seminars in Oncology Nursing. 2020; 36(6): 151092. doi: 10.1016/j.soncn.2020.151092
101. Maharaj A, Jefferies JL, Mulrooney DA, et al. Design and methods of a randomized telehealth-based intervention to improve fitness in survivors of childhood cancer with exercise intolerance. Contemporary Clinical Trials. 2023; 133: 107339. doi: 10.1016/j.cct.2023.107339
102. Newton RU, Kennedy MA, Singh F, et al. Safety, Effectiveness, and Uptake of Exercise Medicine Integrated Within a Cancer Care Center. Seminars in Oncology Nursing. 2020; 36(5): 151073. doi: 10.1016/j.soncn.2020.151073
103. Patsou ED, Alexias GD, Anagnostopoulos FG, et al. Effects of physical activity on depressive symptoms during breast cancer survivorship: a meta-analysis of randomised control trials. ESMO Open. 2017; 2(5): e000271. doi: 10.1136/esmoopen-2017-000271
104. Liu W, Li W, Wu B, et al. Optimal yoga dose for improving cancer-related fatigue, quality of life, and sleep quality in breast cancer survivors: a Bayesian dose–response meta-analysis. Journal of Cancer Survivorship. 2024. doi: 10.1007/s11764-024-01699-9
105. Guerra-Londono CE, Cata JP, Nowak K, et al. Prehabilitation in Adults Undergoing Cancer Surgery: A Comprehensive Review on Rationale, Methodology, and Measures of Effectiveness. Current Oncology. 2024; 31(4): 2185-2200. doi: 10.3390/curroncol31040162
106. Lau CSM, Chamberlain RS. Prehabilitation Programs Improve Exercise Capacity Before and After Surgery in Gastrointestinal Cancer Surgery Patients: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. 2020; 24(12): 2829-2837. doi: 10.1007/s11605-019-04436-1
107. Tanaka M, Sugimoto K, Fujimoto T, et al. Preventive effects of low‐intensity exercise on cancer cachexia–induced muscle atrophy. The FASEB Journal. 2019; 33(7): 7852-7862. doi: 10.1096/fj.201802430r
108. Schauer T, Mazzoni AS, Henriksson A, et al. Exercise intensity and markers of inflammation during and after (neo-) adjuvant cancer treatment. Endocrine-Related Cancer. 2021; 28(3): 191-201. doi: 10.1530/erc-20-0507
109. Mohamed RS, Mahmoud NZ, Mahmoud DAM, et al. Coping Strategies and Burden Stress in Caregivers of Patients with Schizophrenia and Patients with Bipolar Disorder. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine. 2024; 117(Supplement_2). doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hcae175.556
110. Li CQ, Wang YC, Shen SQ, et al. Effects of exercise by type and duration on quality of life in patients with digestive system cancers: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Journal of Sport and Health Science. 2023; 12(4): 491-500. doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2022.12.008
